Normal incidence rotating compensator ellipsometer

ABSTRACT

A normal incidence rotating compensator ellipsometer includes an illumination source that produces a broadband probe beam. The probe beam is redirected by a beam splitter to be normally incident on a sample under test. Before reaching the sample, the probe beam is passed through a rotating compensator. The probe beam is reflected by the sample and passes through the rotating compensator a second time before reaching a detector. The detector converts the reflected probe beam into equivalent signals for analysis.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject invention relates to optical devices used to non-destructively evaluate semiconductor wafers. In particular, the present invention relates to increasing the accuracy of normal incidence metrology systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As semiconductor geometries continue to shrink, manufacturers have increasingly turned to optical techniques to perform non-destructive inspection and analysis of semiconductor wafers. Techniques of this type, known generally as optical metrology, operate by illuminating a sample with an incident field (typically referred to as a probe beam) and then detecting and analyzing the reflected energy. Ellipsometry and reflectometry are two examples of commonly used optical techniques. For the specific case of ellipsometry, changes in the polarization state of the probe beam are analyzed. Reflectometry is similar, except that changes in intensity are analyzed. Ellipsometry and reflectometry are effective methods for measuring a wide range of attributes including information about thickness, crystallinity, composition and refractive index. The structural details of ellipsometers are more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,449,043, 5,910,842 and 5,798,837 each of which are incorporated in this document by reference.

Scatterometry is a specific type of optical metrology that is used when the structural geometry of a subject creates diffraction (optical scattering) of the incoming probe beam. Scatterometry systems analyze diffraction to deduce details of the structures that cause the diffraction to occur. Various optical techniques have been used to perform optical scatterometry. These include broadband spectroscopy (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,607,800; 5,867,276 and 5,963,329), spectral ellipsometry (U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,909) single-wavelength optical scattering (U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,593), and spectral and single-wavelength beam profile reflectance and beam profile ellipsometry (U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,943). Scatterometry, in these cases generally refers to optical responses in the form of diffraction orders produced by periodic structures, that is, gratings on the wafer. In addition it may be possible to employ any of these measurement technologies, e.g., single-wavelength laser BPR or BPE, to obtain critical dimension (CD) measurements on non-periodic structures, such as isolated lines or isolated vias and mesas. The above cited patents and patent applications, along with PCT Application WO 03/009063, US Application 2002/0158193, US Application 2003/0147086, US Application 2001/0051856 A1, PCT Application WO 01/55669 and PCT Application WO 01/97280 are all incorporated herein by reference.

Normal incidence ellipsometry is a widely used type of optical metrology, both for thin film measurements as well as scatterometry applications. As shown in FIG. 1, an instrument of this type includes an illumination source that typically produces a broadband polychromatic probe beam. The probe beam is directed by one or more refractive or reflective components (represented as a lens in this example) to a beam splitter. The beam splitter redirects the probe beam through a rotating polarizer and objective lens (which is typically composed of a series of reflective and/or refractive components) before reaching a sample under test. The sample reflects the probe beam and a portion of the reflected probe beam is captured by the objective. The reflected probe beam then passes through the rotating polarizer and beam splitter and is directed by one or more refractive or reflective components (represented, again, as a lens) to a spectrometer. The spectrometer converts the probe beam into equivalent signals for analysis by a processor.

For the situation where a grating is being measured by normal-incidence reflectance, the grating is typically oriented so the rulings (grooves) are either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field emerging from the polarizer. These are the two normal modes of the system, where linearly polarized light incident on the grating is reflected as linearly polarized light. The mode where the incident/reflected electric field is parallel to the rulings is conventionally denoted as the transverse magnetic (TM) mode. The other normal mode, where the electric field vector is perpendicular to the rulings, is conventionally denoted the transverse electric (TE) mode. Reflectance measurements using these two modes allow the absolute squares R_(a) =|r_(a) |² and R_(b)=|r_(b)|² of the complex reflectances r_(a) and r_(b) for electric fields parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the rulings to be determined.

More general normal-incidence reflectance measurements are also possible. The field vector does not need to be oriented as described above, but can assume any azimuth angle P relative to the rulings. Typically, this angle is varied by rotating the polarizer, although it can be varied by rotating either the polarizer or the grating, either at a fixed angular velocity or as a series of discrete steps. At intermediate angles

${P \neq {n\frac{\pi}{2}}},$ where n is an integer, the two modes are mixed. This allows the relative amplitude and phase of r_(a) and r_(b) to be determined. Specifically, the intensity of the reflected probe beam as a general function of P can be written I(P)=a₀+a₂ cos(2P)+a₄ cos(4P) where the Fourier coefficients a₀, a₂, and a₄ are given by

$\begin{matrix} {{a_{0} = {{\frac{3}{8}\left( {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right)} + {\frac{1}{4}{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}}}};} \\ {{a_{2} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {{r_{a}}^{2} - {r_{b}}^{2}} \right)}};} \\ {a_{4} = {{\frac{1}{8}\left( {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right)} - {\frac{1}{4}{{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}.}}}} \end{matrix}$ This calculation assumes that at P=0 the electric field is parallel to the rulings, and ignores the partial polarization that would be caused by the beam splitter sketched in FIG. 1.

As can be seen, rotating the polarizer generates an additional perspective (Re(r_(a)r_(b)*)). However, the rotating polarizer design is unable to measure the complementary quantity, the imaginary component Im(r_(a)r_(b)*). In addition, if the polarizer is rotated, partial polarization of the source or polarization sensitivity of the detector can lead to systematic errors that cannot be distinguished from the signal due to the sample. Finally, the configuration provides no intrinsic way of verifying that the rulings are indeed parallel to the electric field vector when P is nominally equal to zero.

The inability to measure Im(r_(a)r_(b)*) is also true of non-normally incident ellipsometers that utilize single rotating compensators. Im(r_(a)r_(b)*) may be obtained by non-normally incident designs that include modulators in both incident and reflected beams. Designs of this type are obviously more complex (since they include multiple photoelastic-modulators or multiple rotating compensators) and are unable to achieve the small spot sizes available to normal incidence designs. Consequently, there are reasons to believe that measurement accuracy may be improved by other designs that do not suffer these limitations.

SUMMARY

An embodiment of the present invention provides a normal incidence ellipsometer for scatterometry applications. A typical implementation for an ellipsometer of this type includes an illumination source that produces a broadband white-light probe beam. A polarizer is used to impart a known polarization state to the probe beam. The probe beam is then directed through a rotating compensator that introduces a relative phase delay ξ (phase retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonally polarized components of the probe beam. After leaving the compensator, the probe beam is directed at normal incidence against the surface of the sample. The sample reflects the probe beam back through the compensator and on to a second polarizer (also referred to as an analyzer). A detector measures the intensity of the probe beam leaving the analyzer as a function of rotational angle of the compensator or analyzer.

A processor analyzes the output of the detector to obtain the quantities: |r_(a) |², |r_(b)|², Re(r_(a)r_(b)*), and Im(r_(a)r_(b)*). This surpasses traditional rotating polarizer designs that are unable to measure the imaginary component Im(r_(a)r_(b)*). It should also be noted that the measured quantities are obtained without the need to align gratings within the sample relative to the polarization of the probe beam.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a prior art ellipsometer that includes a rotating polarizer.

FIGS. 2 through 4 show different implementations of the normal incidence rotating compensator ellipsometer provided by the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An embodiment of the present invention provides a normal incidence ellipsometer for scatterometry applications. As shown in FIG. 2, a first implementation for the normal incidence ellipsometer 200 includes an illumination source 202. Illumination source 202 produces a broadband white-light probe beam that is projected through a beam splitter 204, polarizer 206 and rotating compensator 208 before reaching a subject 210. As it traverses this path, polarizer 206 imparts a known polarization state to the probe beam. Rotating compensator 208 introduces a relative phase delay ξ (phase retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonally polarized optical beam components. The amount of phase retardation is a function of the wavelength, the dispersion characteristics of the material used to form compensator 208, and the thickness of the compensator 208. Compensator 208 is rotated at an angular velocity ω about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the probe beam. When used in this document, rotation is intended to include continuous rotation, as well as rotation in increments or steps. Subject 210 returns the probe beam (though polarizer 206 and rotating compensator 208) to beam splitter 204. Beam splitter 204 redirects the returning probe beam to a spectrometer 212. Spectrometer 212 is typically a monochrometer-CCD detector combination, but other technologies can also be used.

FIG. 3 shows a second implementation 300 for the normal incidence ellipsometer. Ellipsometer 300 shares many of the components described for ellipsometer 200 with the main difference being that the beam splitter 204 and polarizer 206 have been replaced by a beam splitting polarizer 304. Beam splitting polarizer 304 is a Wollaston prism and performs two functions. The first is to impart a known polarization state to the probe beam. The second is to function as a beam splitter/combiner. As the probe beam returns from subject 308, beam splitting polarizer 304 directs a portion of the returning probe beam to spectrometer 310.

As shown in FIG. 4, a third implementation for the normal incidence ellipsometer 400 includes an illumination source 402. Illumination source 402 produces a broadband white-light probe beam that is projected through a beam splitter 404, beam splitting polarizer 406 and rotating compensator 408 before reaching a subject 410. As it traverses this path, polarizer 406 imparts a known polarization state to the probe beam. Rotating compensator 408 introduces a relative phase delay ξ between a pair of mutually orthogonally polarized optical beam components. The amount of phase retardation is a function of the wavelength, the dispersion characteristics of the material used to form compensator 408, and the thickness of the compensator 408. Compensator 408 is rotated at an angular velocity ω about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the probe beam. When used in this document, rotation is intended to include continuous rotation, as well as rotation in increments or steps. Subject 410 returns the probe beam (though polarizer 406 and rotating compensator 408) to beam splitter 404.

Beam splitting polarizer 406 is a Wollaston prism and performs two functions. The first is to impart a known polarization state to the probe beam. The second is to function as a beam splitter/combiner. As the probe beam returns from subject 410, beam splitting polarizer 406 splits the returning probe beam into two components. The first component (referred to as s-polarized) is characterized by having detected polarization is identical with that of the illuminating polarization, and is directed to s-spectrometer 412. The orthogonally polarized return component is denoted p-polarized, and is directed to p-spectrometer 414. Spectrometer 412 and 414 are typically monochrometer-CCD detector combinations, but other technologies can also be used.

The intensity of the reflected probe beam received by spectrometers 412 and 414 is a function of the azimuth angle of the rotating compensator 408 relative to the electric field vector and the grating rulings. In what follows C is defined to be the azimuth angle locating the fast axis of the compensator relative to the azimuth angle of the polarizer, which is taken as reference, i.e., to define the value C=0°. The second azimuth angle that must be defined is that of the rulings relative to the same reference as C. The second azimuth angle is denoted as G, where G=0° is the condition where the rulings of the grating are parallel to the field emerging from the polarizer.

For arbitrary G, I(C) has the general form: I(C)=a₀+a₂ cos(2C)+b ₂ sin(2C)+a₄ cos(4C)+b ₄ sin(4C) +a₆ cos(6C)+b ₆ sin(6C)+a₈ cos(8C)+b ₈ sin(8C).

However, for G=0° none of the sin(nC) terms are present, and the general coefficients (to be given later below) simplify. For s-spectrometer 412, this yields:

$\begin{matrix} {a_{0}^{(s)} = {{{r_{a}}^{2}\left\lbrack {{\cos^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}\xi} + {\frac{3}{8}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}}} \right\rbrack} + {{r_{b}}^{2}\left\lbrack {\frac{3}{8}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack} +}} \\ {{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{4}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} - {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}\xi}} \right\rbrack} \\ {a_{2}^{(s)} = {{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{2}}\sin\;{\xi sin}^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack}} \\ {a_{4}^{(s)} = {{{r_{a}}^{2}\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}\xi} + {\frac{1}{2}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}}} \right\rbrack} + {{r_{b}}^{2}\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{2}}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack} + {{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}\xi} \right\rbrack}}} \\ {a_{6}^{(s)} = {{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{2}\sin\mspace{11mu}\xi\mspace{11mu}\sin^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack}} \\ {a_{8}^{(s)} = {{\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{8}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack} + {{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{4}}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack}}} \end{matrix}$ where ξ=2πd(n_(e)−n_(o))/λ, where d is the effective thickness of the compensator, n_(o) and n_(e) are refractive indices of the ordinary and extraordinary polarizations in the compensator, and λ is the wavelength of light. For p-spectrometer 414 the corresponding expressions are:

$\begin{matrix} {a_{0}^{(p)} = {{\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{8}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\frac{1}{8}\sin^{4}\xi}} \right\rbrack} +}} \\ {{Re}{\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)\left\lbrack {{{- \frac{1}{4}}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}}} \right\rbrack}} \\ {a_{2}^{(s)} = {{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{2}\sin^{2}\;\frac{\xi}{2}\sin\;\xi} \right\rbrack}} \\ {a_{4}^{(p)} = {{\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{8}}\sin^{2}\xi} \right\rbrack} + {{Re}{\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{4}}\sin^{2}\xi} \right\rbrack}}}} \\ {a_{6}^{(s)} = {{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{2}}\sin^{2}\;\frac{\xi}{2}\sin\;\xi} \right\rbrack}} \\ {a_{8}^{(s)} = {{\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {{- \frac{1}{8}}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack} + {{Re}{\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} \right\rbrack}}}} \end{matrix}$ where again max (a₀ ^((s)))=½.

This is a total of five distinct nonzero Fourier coefficients for both spectrometers 412 and 414. Given ξ, for either set of coefficients the sample parameters |r_(a) |², |r_(b)|², Re(r_(a)r_(b)*)and Im(r_(a)r_(b)*) are overdetermined. However, their most probable values can be obtained by least-squares fitting. Least-squares routines have the added advantages that (a) the coefficients that are most important in determining a given parameter are also given the most weight; and (b) a measure of the capability of the system to determine all parameters is provided by the goodness of fit. In fact unless absolute intensities are measured, which is hardly ever the case, the sample parameters are determined only to within a normalization constant, meaning that only three of the four sample parameters provide relevant sample information. However, this can be compared to the analogous situation without the compensator, where only two of the three parameters provide relevant information.

Once obtained, these parameters may be used in turn to estimate other sample parameters such as thickness of the grating, top and bottom line widths, and the thickness of an underlying film. As described previously, ellipsometers 200 and 300 include a single spectrometer (212 and 310, respectively). For the typical case, these spectrometers measure the s-polarized component of the reflected probe beam and are characterized by the first set of Fourier coefficients listed above. Alternately, spectrometers 212 and 310 may be configured to measure the p-polarization component described by the second set of five Fourier coefficients.

We now consider the situation where G takes on general values, so the rulings are not aligned either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field vector emerging from the polarizer. In this case the s-spectrometer receives an intensity whose Fourier components are:

DC  terms: ${{\frac{3}{8}\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\left\lbrack {{{r_{a}}^{2}\cos^{4}G} + {{r_{b}}^{2}\sin^{4}G}} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {{\cos^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{4}\xi}} \right\rbrack} + {{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\frac{1}{2}\cos^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}\sin^{2}2G} - {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}\xi}} \right\rbrack}$ 2C^(′)  terms: ${{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {\sin\;{\xi\left( {{{- \frac{1}{2}}\sin^{2}\;\frac{\xi}{2}{\cos\left( {{2C^{\prime}} - G} \right)}} + {\cos^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}\sin\mspace{14mu} 2G\mspace{14mu}{\sin\left( {{2C^{\prime}} + G} \right)}}} \right)}} \right\rbrack};$ 4C^(′)  terms: ${{\left\{ {{{\frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} - {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {\frac{1}{4}\sin^{2}{\xi\;\left\lbrack {{{r_{a}}^{2}\cos^{2}G} - {{r_{b}}^{2}\sin^{2}G}} \right\rbrack}}} \right\}\cos\; 4C^{\prime}} + {\frac{1}{4}{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\sin^{2}{\xi\left\lbrack {{\cos\mspace{14mu} 2G\mspace{14mu}\cos\; 4\; C^{\prime}} - {2\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{14mu} 2G\mspace{11mu}\sin\; 4\; C^{\prime}}} \right\rbrack}}};$ 6C^(′) terms: ${\frac{1}{2}{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\sin\mspace{11mu}\xi\mspace{11mu}\sin^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}{\cos\left( {{6C^{\prime}} + G} \right)}};$ 8C^(′) terms: ${{{\frac{1}{8}\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2} - {2{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}\cos\mspace{14mu} 8C^{\prime}};}\mspace{50mu}$ where

$C^{\prime} = {C - {\frac{G}{2}.}}$ The p-spectrometer receives an intensity whose Fourier components are:

DC  terms: ${{{\frac{1}{8}\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2}} \right\rbrack}\left\lbrack {{\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {2\cos^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}\sin^{2}2G} + {\sin^{2}\xi}} \right\rbrack} - {\frac{1}{4}{{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\left\lbrack {{\sin^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}} + {2\cos^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}\sin^{2}2G} - {\sin^{2}\xi}} \right\rbrack}}};$ 2C^(′)  terms: ${{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\sin\;{\xi\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{2}\sin^{2}\;\frac{\xi}{2}{\cos\left( {{2C^{\prime}} - G} \right)}} - {\cos^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}\sin\mspace{11mu} 2G\mspace{11mu}{\sin\left( {{2C^{\prime}} + G} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}};$ ${{4C^{\prime}\mspace{20mu}{terms}\text{:}} - {\frac{1}{8}\sin^{2}{\xi\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2} + {2{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}\cos\mspace{14mu} 2G\mspace{11mu}\cos\; 4C^{\prime}} + {\frac{1}{2}{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\sin^{2}\xi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{14mu} 2G\mspace{11mu}\sin\; 4\; C^{\prime}}};$ ${{6C^{\prime}\;{{term}s}\text{:}} - {\frac{1}{2}{{Im}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}\sin\;{\xi sin}^{2}\frac{\xi}{2}{\cos\left( {{6C^{\prime}} + G} \right)}}};$ ${{{8C^{\prime}\;{{term}s}\text{:}} - {{\frac{1}{8}\left\lbrack {{r_{a}}^{2} + {r_{b}}^{2} - {2{{Re}\left( {r_{a}r_{b}^{*}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}\sin^{4}\frac{\xi}{2}\cos\; 8{C^{\prime}.{where}}\mspace{34mu} C^{\prime}}} = {C - {\frac{G}{2}.}}}\mspace{31mu}$

It is now seen that there are in general nine coefficients available for analysis. We therefore obtain even further constraints on the sample parameters. In fact these overdetermine the four sample parameters Re(r_(a)r_(b)*), and Im(r_(a)r_(b)*). In addition we have enough information to determine G. Therefore, one of the main advantages of the configuration follows: it is not necessary to position the grating prior to measurement at G=0, but G can be determined from the coefficients themselves. Thus measurements can be made with an arbitrary orientation of the grating.

Extracting Reflectance Parameters at Normal Incidence

(a) assume a sample with the principal axes a and b in the plane of the surface with field reflectances r_(a) and r_(b) for light polarized parallel to a and b respectively. We seek to obtain the four quantities: |r _(a) |² ,|r _(b)|² , Re(r _(a) r _(b)), and Im(r _(a) r _(b)*).

For a series of measurements taken as a function of polarizer or compensator angle θ the intensity may be written (as shown above) as: I _(ω) =|r _(a) |²ƒ₁(θ)+|r _(b)|²ƒ₂(θ)+[Re(r _(a) r _(b)*)]ƒ₃(θ)+[Im(r _(a) r _(b)*)]ƒ₄(θ).

The functions ƒ₁ . . . ƒ₄ could be reduced to their Fourier components but this is not necessary.

(b) Now calculate the elements m_(ij) of the correlation matrix M₁ as:

$m_{ij} = {\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{\omega = 1}^{N}\;{{f_{i}\left( \theta_{\omega} \right)}{f_{j}\left( \theta_{\omega} \right)}}}}$ and the elements v_(i) of the weighted-intensity vector V₁ as:

$v_{i} = {\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{\omega = 1}^{N}\;{I_{\omega}{f_{i}\left( \theta_{\omega} \right)}}}}$ where θ_(ω) are the azimuth angles where the I_(ω) are recorded. Then if we make a vector A such that a₁=|r_(a) |², a₂=|r_(b)|², a₃=Re(r_(a)r_(b)*), and a₄=Im(r_(a)r_(b)*) it follows that V=MA and A=M ⁻¹ V and so we have formally solved the problem of obtaining the four quantities from the intensity measurements. Note that it is not necessary to decompose ƒ₁ . . . ƒ₄ into Fourier components. This approach may yield faster analysis in repetitive measurements. 

1. A method for evaluating a sample, the method comprising: generating a probe beam with a known polarization state; passing the probe beam through a rotating compensator to induce phase retardations in the polarization state of the probe beam before the probe beam interacts with the sample; directing the probe beam against the sample at a normal angle of incidence; passing the probe beam through the rotating compensator to induce phase retardations in the polarization state of the probe beam after the probe beam interacts with the sample; passing the probe beam through a polarizer after the probe beam interacts with the sample and with the compensator; and measuring the intensity of the probe beam after the interaction with the polarizer.
 2. A method as recited in claim 1 that further comprises: splitting the probe beam after its interaction with the sample into two components, the first component having polarization that is identical to the known polarization state, and the second component having polarization that is orthogonal to the known polarization state.
 3. A method as recited in claim 1 that further comprises obtaining the imaginary portion of r_(a)r_(b)* where r_(a) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized parallel to the lines of a grating within the sample and r_(b) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized perpendicular to the lines of the grating.
 4. A method as recited in claim 1 in which the probe beam is polychromatic and the intensity of the probe beam is measured for a series of optical wavelengths.
 5. A method for evaluating a sample, the method comprising: generating a probe beam with a known polarization state; directing the probe beam at normal incidence to be reflected by the sample; passing the probe beam through a rotating compensator both before the probe beam reaches the sample and after it has been reflected by the sample; passing the probe beam through a polarizer; and measuring the intensity of the probe beam a function of rotational angle of the compensator or polarizer.
 6. A method as recited in claim 5 that further comprises obtaining the imaginary portion of r_(a)r_(b)* where r_(a) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized parallel to the lines of a grating within the sample and r_(b) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized perpendicular to the lines of the grating.
 7. A method as recited in claim 6 that further comprises obtaining the real portion of r_(a)r_(b)* and the absolute squares |r_(a) |² and |r_(b)|².
 8. A method as recited in claim 7 in which the quantities |r_(a)|²,|r_(b)|²,Re(r_(a)r_(b)*), and Im(r_(a)r_(b)*) are obtained without performing a Fourier analysis.
 9. A method as recited in claim 5 in which the probe beam is polychromatic and the intensity of the probe beam is measured for a series of optical wavelengths.
 10. A device for evaluating a sample, the device comprising: an illumination source for generating a probe beam with a known polarization state; a rotating compensator for inducing phase retardations in the polarization state of the probe beam both before and after the probe beam interacts with the sample; one or more optical components directing the probe beam against the sample at a normal angle of incidence; a polarizer positioned to interact with the probe beam after the probe beam interacts with the sample and with the compensator; and a detector for measuring the intensity of the probe beam after the interaction with the polarizer.
 11. An apparatus as recited in claim 10 that further comprises: a beam splitter for dividing the probe beam after its interaction with the sample into two components, the first component having polarization that is identical to the known polarization state, and the second component having polarization that is orthogonal to the known polarization state.
 12. An apparatus as recited in claim 10 that further comprises a processor configured to obtain the imaginary portion of r_(a)r_(b)* where r_(a) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized parallel to the lines of a grating within the sample and r_(b) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized perpendicular to the lines of the grating.
 13. An apparatus as recited in claim 10 in which the probe beam is polychromatic and the intensity of the probe beam is measured for a series of optical wavelengths.
 14. An apparatus for evaluating a sample, the method comprising: an illumination source for generating a probe beam with a known polarization state; one of more optical components for directing the probe beam at normal incidence to be reflected by the sample; a rotating compensator to induce phase retardations in the polarization state of the probe beam both before the probe beam reaches the sample and after it has been reflected by the sample; a polarizer positioned to interact with the probe beam after the reflected probe has passed through the compensator; and a detector for measuring the intensity of the probe beam a function of rotational angle of the compensator or polarizer.
 15. An apparatus as recited in claim 14 that further comprises a processor configured to obtain the imaginary portion of r_(a)r_(b)* where r_(a) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized parallel to the lines of a grating within the sample and r_(b) is the complex reflectance for an electric field linearly polarized perpendicular to the lines of the grating.
 16. An apparatus as recited in claim 15 in which the processor is configured to obtain the real portion of r_(a)r_(b)* and the absolute squares |r_(a) |² and |r_(b)|².
 17. An apparatus as recited in claim 16 in which the quantities |r_(a) |², |r_(b)|², Re(r_(a)r_(b)*), and Im(r_(a)r_(b)*) are obtained without performing a Fourier analysis.
 18. An apparatus as recited in claim 14 in which the probe beam is polychromatic and the intensity of the probe beam is measured for a series of optical wavelengths. 